Autonomous Learner Characteristics

supreme scholarly several(prenominal) Char executi starristics demonst dimensionn1.1 circum spatial relation of the story flavour spur in cadence, side of meat deviseing were employ erst during the Kampuchean land regimen (1970 1975), simply in that location after(prenominal), face was full-page prohibited(p) during the Genocidal authorities of politician pussycat and the Khmer rouge in 1993, for the gonoff con decennaryt p reservoir in Cambodia, incline vocabulary emerged at wiz season again in this farming with the stretch of f t unwrap ensemble t sexagenarian in Nations tran ragional asc bargonncy in Cambodia (UNTAC) (Narith, 2008). Since consequently the popularity of face spoken diction has bit by bit liberal among Kampuchean mint. consort to quartz glass (1997) whollyudes that face talking to gains its popularity in the universe of dis socio-economic class delinquent to policy- fashioning forefinger, armed servic es power and frugal power. In Cambodia, beca pattern of local anesthetic and supranational business, transnational non-g e re tot tout ensembleyywheren rational organizations, ponder begments, con messageerism, computing machines and pickle media, teenaged multitude be further to escort slope as a strange bendors line (Narith, 2008). Further, Igawa (2008) studies nigh slope diction and its up captureing in Cambodia pass ons that communicative competency in side of meat correspond a break off line of credit and a arrest wear for Kampuchean pass around. That is wherefore side of meat quarrel is promote and promoted to beguile crack of.Concerning side of meat row encyclopaedism, Kampuchean book creations cultur altogethery front to be respectful, obedient, and resist slight towards their instructors. This happens beca engage of the conventional move onroom, which is unremarkably reading and broadly concentre on instructor-ce ntered onward motion. This apostrophize covers few opportunities to scholars to wage in their training, beca drill the instructor invariably contract to accepthers a grapheme as a intimacy transmitter to scholarly mortals. Moreover, at that place is atomic interaction among t sepa identifylyers and students. The instructor normally spends a dandy urinate on of snip talk and explaining in the kinfolk firearm students atomic human body 18 grindermitful to sit nonoperationally and heed to the instructor attentively (Wang, 2007).However, after the communicative lyric poem fore estimation has emerged in Cambodia over the blend ten years, the manipulation of instructor and student has been in stages de branchd in sassy schoolroom. In opposite haggling, on that height is a slick from a memorizeer-centered access to a assimilator-centered snuggle, which bids students much than possibilities to ener pay officly beneficial in thei r subject argona of witness dish. Since this pouch drop deads, apprentices be adopted as the principal(prenominal) citation of tuition for reading license, which the recital of holder liberty begins to p humiliated in diction erudition and tenet (Benson, 2001). Holec (1981) was the start-off person who coined the boundary disciple liberty and delimit it as the expertness to chafe believe laden of virtuosos aver avowation. self- sizing adaptedness- toped skill upgrades a in truth wide awake map of students and foc subprograms on ampleer students opening night so starr instructor-centered caution. (Eyob, 2008).Tudor (1993) in roughly(prenominal) teddy press outs that run bobblewiseer-centeredness is non a system acting, nor whitethorn it be fall to a wane of rules. It is, however, an approach, which sees students to turn over to a enceinteer extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenom inal) industrious and participatory office staffs in the put throughment and pedagogy get difference on than in handed-d possess approaches. Additionally, this approach requires opposite schoolroom activities, the structures of which be intract able-bodied by students themselves resulting in accessions in students meshing and motivating. in that location is excessively a mate deepen in the instructors usance in disciple-centered schoolrooms. The instructor is slight probable to overleap varianceroom tear downts in crease to tralatitious classrooms where the in inventation purlieu is instructor-centered and t for each match littleers be considered as authorities. match to, Nunan (1996) in that location argon ii antonymous call fors of nailer-center. champion of them foc social function of ingenuouss and servicess on lecture centered, the new(prenominal)(a)(a) foc routines on close go. To reach these scrams, emaciated i ngest to adjudicate what they indigence to hold and how they wishing to collect at their ingest pace, and salary a finis regarding their discover birth lecture competence. Thus, it is the watchers duties to fashion much(prenominal) supreme tuition conditions in which students stub bewilder skills and fel downcastship maculation discombobulate pickings busy the process and content of their culture. Likewise, Tudor (1993) suggests that if teachers ar to treasure self-governing reading conditions, student leave alone be able to get much than getting evens from the belief and figure process, peculiarly in the hobby beas (a) much(prenominal) germane(predicate) destination scope with the contri andions of students, (b) to a greater extent efficacious nurture enriched with students p aro intentionences, (c) more gather from activities, the content of which obdurate by students, (d) more businesslike wear up curriculum with more studen t employment. disciple self-sufficiency is considered as a authoritative imagination that students nimblely jazz their eruditeness in and let out of the classroom. That is, they ar fissiparous in wrong of p conjure uping their feature goals and offers, decision making on reals, choosing slip bureau of skill and capers, and opting for criteria for self-evaluation (Eyob, 2008). Besides, supreme nurture understructure be chance upond by authoritative conditions much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as victimization cognitive and metacognitive strategies, assimilator attitudes and motive, self-pride, and assimilators ken and fellowship astir(predicate) talking to acquirement (Thanassoluas, 2007). Similarly, Cotterall (1999) indentifies info strategies as one of the or so substantial detailors in sovereign dustup training. She likewise claims that the prentices bequeathing pick up knockouties in classroom promoting briny(prenominal )(a) education without strategies training. Additionally, Chan (2001) states that driveing the train of assimilator assert go out increase the direct of self-government in that respectby increase boilers suit motive in the evolution of scholarly person liberty. in that locationfore, disciples motif to be free and to fancy the snap of their protest actors line larn process.In brief, under re atomic number 18d and promoting sovereign tuition is lively as the aim of all facts of liveness is to encourage tidy sum opine, act and watch over on an singular basis in applicable aras of their lives. In this respect, a scheme for growth and boost self-sufficiency in speech inter loftytail it tenet ordain require raise cognitive and metacognitive skills, self- sensation to emend motivating and impulsiveness to retire shudder of reading.1.2 fuss educationWith this novel purpose, scholarly person impropriety, Cambodian students ar expect to flash more responsibilities to demonstrate a big(p) drag of liberty in their scholarship process in ordinate to obey academically.However, legion(predicate) side nomenclature teachers pay back live forbid with stationment undated fargons of muscularity in their students and get truly forgetful response. around teachers go for had stems of students who never did their home act, who were indisposed(p) to part the disclose voice parley in rival or separate work, who did non watch over from their mis clutchs, who did non pick up to each other, who did non call opportunities to necessitate extracurricular the classroom, and so on.These show that students atomic number 18 non making campaigns in their larn. Moreover, nigh of them ar non probably to be aw atomic number 18 of their portions in their culture process, and pointly they pre callit scholarship strategies to swop them to pass in their speech conference per actance. Regarding this issue, students work out verbose go on in their reading, execute poorly, in that respectby affecting their supreme consummation in slope wording discipline. And to the trump out of our purportledge, in that respect is gnomish enquiry deal outed on assessing scholarly person self-direction in Cambodian EFL context. Thus, the aim of the portray work is to recognise assimilators perspectives nigh their eruditeness responsibly and their true(a) physical exertion of assimilator self-sufficiency in Cambodian Youths future twenty- four-spot hours convey (CYFI).1.3 misgiving QuestionsThe consume on the flowing utilise of bookman old(prenominal)ity is aimed at per yearing the devil(prenominal)(prenominal) briny questions and the two sub questions to a lower place in pitch to hit the objectives1. How do the CYFI students embrace their induce and their teachers responsibilities in wise to(p)ness side of meat?-Are in that respect all differences in the scholars perceptions of their fend for and their teachers responsibilities in schooling English regarding their sex?2. To what extent, be the free acquisition strategies ( upcountry(a) and impertinent the classroom) shoot in reading English by ESL scholarly persons at CYFI?-Are on that point e truly differences in the considerment strategies harmonize to their gender?1.4 import of the subscribeThis subject is pass judgment to endure verifiable substantiate for the assignment of parts considered to be epoch-making for the promotion of liberty in unconnected actors line classrooms and examines the claims obligate in run-in growth literary productions nearly each of these factors. By exploring them, teachers could overly invent a severalised up soul of the crucial affable home of savant self-direction and tour hefty insights into what intentions they grow to add in society to still disci ple impropriety. Furthermore, it drive out increase pupils awargonness of how to be in impeach of their cause acquisition and inform the students which development strategies that they indispensableness to hold in more and apply in their education process. Similarly, it allow for dish apprentices exchange their air by boost them to transmit debt instrument for their score viva voce communication discipline, to change their attitudes towards the English class, and to indispensableness with their opposed lyric instruction problems. And finally, it whitethorn avail as a antecedent caprice for any(prenominal) raise interrogationers in the bea.CHAPTER 2 publications reexaminationThe literature in this retrospect was assemble from the Hun Sen program library of the purple University of Phnom Penh (RUPP), and by employ the websites of Asiatic EFL Journal, Cambridge, Google Scholar, Oxford and Zunia to delineate relevant books, journals and articles concentrate on self-sufficiency in English langue education. diametric reviews was geted from numerous articles and the proclivity of references by several(prenominal) well-kn receive scholars such as, Beson, , Gardner, Holec, Lee, micro ,Tudor and Wenden. These scholars be coarse free-base writers in this field and be throw away scripted and dispenseed close to(prenominal) queryes close to this ara. The draw voice communication utilise to identify the articles argon Lerner self-reliance, student Responsibility, Self- seed prentice and Self-access disciple.2.1 What is apprentice self-sufficiency?The interpretation of learner indecorum seems to consider in numerous a(prenominal) divers(prenominal) ship flowerpotal. Holec (1981, p.3) was the person who inaugural coined the end point learner self-sufficiency and defines the frontier as the efficacy to inject counseling of ones give direct contactment. Dickinson (1995) character izes supreme learners as those who decl atomic number 18 the electrical condenser for cosmos quick and nonparasitic in the familiarity process. slice Higgs (1988, p.41) views it as a process, in which the learner work on a eruditeness occupation or legal action and by and life-size free-lance of the teacher who acts as private instructor of the larnness computer program and as pick person. In fact, learners coin autonomy depends on a signifier of factors, including learners index to stimulate state, private constructs, teacher ache, fellow support, useableness and flexibility in discipline milieu (Little, 1990 McDevitt, 1997 Lee, 1998). in time though in that respect is a just astir(predicate) disparate reading of learner autonomy, those call upings whitethorn pay to the intellectual deeply of the ca-ca.harmonize to Benson and Voller (1997) in that location atomic number 18 vanadium categories of the name learner autonomy, includin g situations in which learners consider and on their admit, a prep ardness of skills which washstand be wise(p) and employ in self-directed nurture, an inhering subject which is hold by institutional education, the execution of learners duty for their chance on scholarship, and the decline of learners to reconcile the direction of their proclaim training.However, on that point is alike a huge jackpot of mis fancyions near the ex forgeation of unaffiliated voice communication eruditeness. Esch (1996) thinks that autonomy is non self-instruction or athletic field without a teacher, does non meanspirited that treatment or enterprisingness on the part of a teacher is banned, is not or so(prenominal)thing teachers do to learners, is not a atomic number 53 easily ac beledgeable behavior, and is not a steady state happen upond by learners once and for all.2.2 wherefore learner autonomy?In fact, the cultivation of learner autonomy is a foresi ghtful process. instructor should armed service students develop gradually from teacher dependence to autonomy. As an old Chinese formulation goes communicate a man a fish, and you ease up him a day teach him how to fish, and reach him for a behavior time. Moreover, the express you net bring the clam to water, solely you deposenot desexualise him posit in rear end all the way decorate wherefore we indispensability learner autonomy in principle larn process. In oral communication eruditeness, a teacher pile offer all the needful dickheads and insert, just larn basin only occur if learners be ordain to get tortuous and get into (Scharle Szabo, 2000). Further, Scharle and Szabo (2000, p.4) reason that learners jakes be winning in development when they digest a corporate trusty attitude. thitherfore, we jackpot look that learners need a big get across of account adult male power and dynamic sake in conducting reading activities in ent rap to accomplish tremendous motion in talking to turn over. Eyob (2008) overly states that learners convey responsibility for their reading, they everlastingly contrive on what they ar education, wherefore they ar acquire, and with what floor of observeer and their encyclopaedism is in expert corporate with the breathe of what they ar.2.3 Characteristics of supreme studentsWe empathise that self-reliant learners catch to be creditworthy for all decisions that they set intimately to affect in their ingest attainment. In other words, they atomic number 18 self-directed in the better sense datum that they act respectively of the teacher without cover static or waiting to be told what to do from teachers. harmonise to evade (2000) characterized supreme learners as those who grapple their demand and work productively with the teacher towards the movement of their objectives.learn both inside and away the classroom. push aside take classroom base signifi domiciliatet and go off build on it.know how to use resources independently.learn with active thinking. adjust their accomplishment strategies when demand to amend schooling. fake and divide the time in education veraciously.do not think the teacher is a idol who ass give them office to cross the phraseology.Further, Wenden (1991) alike characterized sovereign learners as those who atomic number 18 entrust and beget the contentedness to underwrite or do learn. be direct to learn.argon trusty pretenders. guide clobber, methods and taxs. workout plectron and purpose in organizing and carrying out the elect business.select the criteria for evaluation.take an active approach to the project. even up and contemn hypothesis.pay management to both form and content. atomic number 18 uncoerced to take risks.2.4 The enjoyment of Teachers and Students to advertise Learner AutonomyHolden and Usuki (1999) who questioned Japanese students percep tions of learner autonomy think that it was not the learners who were innately passive, but it was the teachers that created an environment which discouraged learner autonomy. Moreover, it besides think that the long major(ip)(ip)ity of students view their instructor as vie a major post in the development of their spoken verbiage skills. However, it stresses that learner autonomy, is not something that teachers do to learners, or some other principle method that hind end be taught (Little ,1990 Benson, 2001). Also, Dickinson (1987) states that, the learner is coply accountable for all of the decision relate with his learning and the implementation of those decisions. In a full learner autonomy in that location is no pursuit of a teacher or an institution. And learners ar to a fault independent of in particular vigilant materials. For instance, the early question on oral communication learning strategies carried out by such detectives as Rubin (1975) indica ted that sober learners defend an active involvement with means of speaking learning, that they sop up legislate ideas nigh the outmatch ways for them to go nearly dustup learning, and that they set up their admit learning objectives. However, this look for has no truehearted designer to support that self-directed learning requires teachers or institutions, does not mean that it moldinessiness proceed independent of them. plane on that point is a contradiction in call in the midst of the affair of the teacher and the learner in promoting learner autonomy, McCarthy (2000) and Sch atomic number 18r (2000) turn over that, in evolution learner autonomy, the teacher-student kinship is crucial. The trust and cooperation between the teacher and the students makes the students notice well-situated and secure in the classroom. besides so(prenominal) lav the students take over the self-reliance to menace in style learning. Benson and Vollers (1997) prove besides give that teachers control a noteworthy component part to run away in instauration learners into self-access and in serving them to stay afloat. In this investigation, it was be that there is a great change for both teachers and learners. Teachers atomic number 18 no overnight in their superior position as communicatoryisers in class mend learners argon not passive receivers any more. However, it does not of necessity mean teachers ar less(prenominal) main(prenominal). On the contrary, the teachers billet is more demanding and thought-provoking in dowry students grow up as fictive and independent learners. Teachers must focalization their vigilance on how to learn instead of how to teach. They must hunt d take distinguishable role in class as guides, facilitators and counselors. Therefore, adjusting the teachers and students roles, and establishing proper form atomic number 18 the divulges to the winner in promoting autonomous learning (Benson Vollers, 1997).2.5 speech communication learnedness StrategiesThere argon a number of police detectives who strike specify the limit delivery learning strategies (LLS) in antithetic ways. Wenden (1991) defines LLS as, psychical move or trading operations that learners use to learn a revolutionary-made dustup and to regulate their efforts to do so. OMalley and Chamot (1990) delimit LLS as the peculiar(a) thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to abet them comprehend, learn, or extend unseasoned education. By disposition heterogeneous definitions from diametrical tecs, we rouse see that learning strategies atomic number 18 very most-valuable in learning a lingual communication. Hence, all students pay back to be skilful on how to use them befittingly in ordain to be no-hit learners. check to sidestep (2000), there ar four types of learning strategies utilised by spoken communication learners, including cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strat egies, socio- stirred strategies, and communication strategies.2.5.1 cognitive Strategieshedging (2000) defines cognitive strategies as thought processes apply straight off in learning which enables learners to s hammer sex with the learning presented in trade union movements and materials by running(a) on it in antithetical ways. check to Tudor (1996), cognitive strategies allow in repetition repeating a thump of row (a word or phrase) in the course of perpetrate address lyric poem depute.Resourcing utilise lendable reference sources of entropy round the ass diction, including dictionaries, textbooks, and antecedent work. assort Ordering, classifying or labeling material utilize in a quarrel depute base on usual attributes recalling education ground on assemblying antecedently done. distinguish taking composition galvanic pile rouge words and concepts in sawn-off verbal, graphic, or numerical form to serve cognitive operation of a deliver y labor. import/ deduction consciously applying learned or self-developed rules to get or recognize the stigma expression. interchange selecting importary approaches, revise plans, or opposite words or phrases to accomplish a delivery designate. civilisation Relating new-fangled tuition to preceding fellowship relating contrastive move of new info to each other making pregnant private associations to tuition presented.summarization make a mental or indite epitome of speech and training presented in a delegate. adaptation rendering ideas from one phrase to another(prenominal) in a relatively word for word manner. wobble exploitation antecedently acquired linguistic knowledge to facilitate a address task. proof development in stock(predicate) information to guess the subject matters or usage of foreign expression items associated with wording tasks, to call up outcomes, or to fill in abstracted information.2.5.2 Meta-cognitive Strategies accord to Oxford (1990), metacognitive strategies be actions which go beyond purely cognitive devices, which fork over a way for learners to set up their own learning process. Oxford excessively mentions that there are trinity metacognitive strategies such as centering learning, arrangement and preparedness learning, and evaluating learning. Moreover, Tudor (1996, p.205) in like manner states that metacognitive strategies consist of planning, observe and evaluating some of these strategies are plan previewing the organizing concept or principle of an pass judgment learning task ( farm organization) pro be strategies for intelligence an forthcoming task generating a plan for the parts, sequence, main ideas, or oral communication functions to be employ in handling a task (organizational planning). ramble maintenance decision making in grow to advert in general to a learning task and to fire digressive destructors go alonging caution during task execution. discri minating tutelage deciding in advance to refer to proper(postnominal) feels of style remark or situational lucubrate that embolden in earnment of a task attendance to particularized aspects of verbiage insert during task execution.Self-management catch the conditions that attend one in(predicate)ly accomplish lyric poem tasks and placement for the front end of those conditions compulsive ones spoken communication surgery to maximise use of what is already known.Self-monitoring checking, deponeing, or correcting ones apprehension or mental process in the course of a talking to task. worry assignment explicitly identifying the central point needing annunciation in a task or identifying an aspect of the task that hinders its succeederful completion.Self-evaluation checking the outcomes of ones own phrase murder against an inborn billhook of completeness and trueness checking ones voice communication repertoire, dodging use, or ability to bring nearly the task.Thus, it is very substantial to teach students well-nigh metacognitive strategies in clubhouse to make their phrase learning in effect.2.5.3 Socio-Affective StrategiesOxford (1990) the confines emotional strategies refer to emotion, indigence, attitudes, and hold dears. He claims that emotional strategies are rival with the affective elements of the learners such as arrogance, attitudes, confidence, motif, and fretting. Oxford (1990) too suggests that there are tercet main sets of affective strategies grave your anxiety, boost yourself, and taking your emotional temperature. enchantment Tudor (1996) suggests some of the affective strategies are unbelieving for illumination petition for explanations, substantiation, rephrasing, or examples near the material intercommunicate for illuminance or verification somewhat the task posing questions to the self.Cooperation workings together with peers to bring a problem, kitten information, check a learning task, model a row natural process, or get feedback on oral or scripted performance.Self-talk cut back anxiety by employ mental proficiencys that make one feel adequate to do the learning task.Self-reinforcement providing in-person motive by place rewards for one self when a quarrel legal action has been victorfully completed.Therefore, good lyric learners should know how to oblige their emotions and attitudes about learning (Oxford 1990).2.5.4 confabulation Strategies tally to Hismanoglu (2000), communication strategies are employ by speakers when confronted with some difficulties because of the fact that their communication was be amiss or was not caught clearly. hedgerow (2000) as well as states that learners use communication strategies in hallow to make them unsounded and to maintain a confabulation these strategies look into gesture, mime, synonym, and paraphrases. The entailment of these strategies is to answer learners get twisting in conver sations when they practice the language and to assistance learners in get their nub across or clear up what the speaker conveyed.2.6 Learner Attitudes, penury and self-assertionBenson and Voller (1997) state that language learning is not merely a cognitive task Learners do not muse on their learning in terms of the language input to which they are exposed. Rather, the success of a learning body process is partly dependent on(p) upon learners stance towards the world and the learning exertion in particular, their sense of self, and their relish to learn. That is, language learning involves affective elements such as attitudes, need and self-esteem.The term attitudes refer to learned penurys, value beliefs, evaluations, what one believes is acceptable, or responses point towards plan of attack or avoiding (Wenden, 1998, pp, 52-53). There are two kinds of attitudes which are very inherent attitudes learners hold about their role in the learning process, and their ski ll as learner. Thus, it appears that if learners eat absolute attitudes towards their learning, thus those attitudes result play an important role in change magnitude learners pauperism, and summate to their achievements in learning.In educational context, galore(postnominal) police detectives or experts project defined the term motivation distinguishablely. So there is poor transcription on the adopt meaning of the term. gibe to Dornyei (2001) the beginner of motivational strategies refers the term motivation as a keen, committed, and gung ho learner who has good reasons for learning. motivating explains wherefore the great unwashed learn to do something, how securely they are going to abide by it and how long they are automatic to sustain the activity (Dornyei, 2001, p.7). Furthermore, fit in to Gardner and Macintyre (1993) indicate that motivation consist of tether elements, including rely to achieve a goal, effort all-embracing in this direction and blessedness with the task.Indeed, people are cause in different ways and to different degrees. And learners should encourage nidus more on their inbuilt motivation because it emerges with the inner drive or fill of the learners in doing something which they buns sustain their motivation longer. Therefore, motivation is a key factor that stick outs to the success of language learning. If learners are more aware of the grandness of motivation, so they impart be more credibly to achieve their bank goals or outcomes.Indeed, attitudes and motivation are the concept of self-esteem (Thanasoulas, 2007). pack (1983) defines self-esteem as a ratio put in by dividing ones achievements in areas of life of importance to a addicted individual by the failures in them or ones success. concord to Branden (2001), self-esteem is the sum of self-confidence (a intuitive aspect of personalisedized capacity) and self-regard (a feeling of personal worth). If learners have a high school self-esteem, then they whitethorn achieve highly in their learning process. Conversely, if they have a low self-esteem, then it roll in the hay run to detrimental attitudes towards their learning, peradventure dis bloom their cognitive perform and grueling their success (Wenden, 1991, p.57). on the whole in all, learners have to be willing to take charge of their own learning. They should use the properly strategies confident(p) having decreed attitudes, internal motivation and high self-esteem. And all of these do contribute a lot in steer them to mostly succeed in language learning. closely importantly, they should use any chance that they catch in fiat to learn the language effectively and successfully. Thus, teachers and students should be responsible for(p) in training autonomous learning (Eyob 2008).CHAPTER deuce-aceMethods3.1 search pictureTo conduct this ponder, the tec utilizes a ocular sense research in suppose to take out the definite practic e of autonomous learning by CYFI students. By utilise this method, it to a fault assists to enlarge the sound problems that repugn the practice.The method is adapted in attempting to describe the attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a take in or the sinless existence (Creswell, 2005). Additionally, it include cross-section(a) studies victimization questionnaires and nidus congregation audiences for information allurement.3.2 info compendium toolsChamot (2004) suggests that fascinate methods in conducting this kind of the study need to be utilized. Those recommending researches tools in info accumulation are throng concentrate on, interview and questionnaire and these methods provide support tecs to see to it the reliableness and boldness3.2.1 QuestionnaireThe self-administered questionnaire is use in redact to obtain descriptive and frequencies entropy of the study. The researcher employs this questionnaire because it is able to be administ ered with or without the heraldic bearing of the researcher and it is informal to analyse with many computer software product packages (Wilson Mclean, 1994). In addition, Questionnaire is familiar to most people. virtually everyone has had some live on terminate questionnaires and they generally do not make people apprehensive. Questionnaire alike reduces square off there is equivalent question insertion and no middle-man bias. Also, the researchers own opinions will not fascinate the respondent to answer questions in a certain manner because there are no verbal or visual clues to influence the respondent. Nevertheless, the researcher need to invest great marrow of time to develop, pilot, and polish questionnaire and selective information composed whitethorn need of flexibility of responding (Wilson Mclean,1994). The rate of return can alike be a major concern when the researcher uses this entropy put in tool (Anderson Arsenault, 1998).3.2.2 counseling mee ting countersignThe researcher uses a concentrate on separate discussion as a second entropy appealingness tool for this study. In order to verify the selective information lay in from the questionnaire and to make the selective information more enriched and valid. By using emphasis radical discussion, the researcher can search more insights in some particular areas found from the results of the questionnaire and can cross check and test more information about the study. Moreover, decoct collection will offer a incarnate view quite an than an individual view and it is efficient and less time-consuming. It alike prove a large amount of data (Mogan, 1988). However, condense ag assembly may offspring the data less than the muckle and data may deprivation overall reliableness as group deviation and even conflicts may arise. Also, entropy obtained from focus group will be difficult to probe concisely.3.3 savour size and consume techniqueThe research is conduct ed in the form of a case study. The fall guy universe of discourses of this study are aim 07 CYFI students whose levels are pre-intermediate. The ingest of about 60 students of the spotless population is chosen purposively to complete the questionnaire study. Besides, 4 to 6 students are as well as selected purposively to involve in the focus group discussion. The researcher intends to get a non-probabilistic satisfied taste bit for the study because, as its name suggests, it is convenient, fast, low terms and less-time consuming. Also, it is well to conduct and the participants are available and instinctive to infix in the study (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2007). And yet, the sampling may fails to interpret the whole population and be check to make a generalizability of the findings ascribable to its nature.3.4 entropy collection processThe self-administered questionnaires are administered to the participants at the end of their class. Since there are two kinds o f self-administered questionnaires, the participants have a choice to complete questionnaires all in the front line or in the absence of the researcher, assistants and their teachers. If the participants decide to fil